A number of recent international initiatives have been promoted in response to major environmental challenges such as climate change and the need to pursue low-carbon economies, environmental degradation and deforestation These have received such widespread attention and support that they are, themselves, now almost mainstream activities that provide an opportunity and means to mainstream broader environmental concerns. The following examples are illustrative.

1. National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPA) for climate change
2. Adaptation to climate change
3. Low-carbon investment
4. Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)